The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Mr. Basavaraj Bommai, presented the Budget for the state for the financial year 2022-23 on March 4, 2022.

Budget Highlights

  • The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of Karnataka for 2022-23 (at current prices) is projected to be Rs 18,85,750 crore.  This is a growth of 9.6% over the revised estimate of GSDP for 2021-22 (Rs 17,21,336 crore).   In 2021-22, GSDP is estimated to contract 4.6% over the previous year (at current prices).
     
  • Expenditure (excluding debt repayment) in 2022-23 is estimated to be Rs 2,51,541 crore, a 5% increase over the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Rs 2,38,600 crore).   In addition, debt of Rs 14,179 crore will be repaid by the state in 2022-23.  In 2021-22, expenditure (excluding debt repayment) is estimated to be 3% higher than the budget estimate.
     
  • Receipts (excluding borrowings) for 2022-23 are estimated to be Rs 1,89,977 crore, which is a marginal increase over the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Rs 1,89,710 crore).  In 2021-22, receipts (excluding borrowings) are estimated to exceed the budget estimate by Rs 17,308 crore (an increase of 10%).
     
  • Fiscal deficit for 2022-23 is targeted at Rs 61,564 crore (3.26% of GSDP).   In 2021-22, as per the revised estimates, fiscal deficit is expected to be 2.84% of GSDP, lower than the budget estimate of 3.44% of GSDP.
     
  • Revenue deficit for 2022-23 is estimated to be Rs 14,699 crore, which is 0.78% of the GSDP.  In 2021-22, the state is estimated to observe a revenue deficit of 0.36% of GSDP, lower than the revenue deficit of 0.88% of GSDP estzmated at the budget stage.

Policy Highlights

  • Agriculture: Raitha Shakti scheme will be launched to encourage the use of farm machinery by giving diesel subsidy of Rs 250 per acre.  Yashashwini scheme will be re-introduced to provide medical facilities to farmer families of rural areas.  Ksheera Samruddhi Sahakara Bank will be established for giving loans to milk producers.   Existing veterinary clinics will be strengthened and 100 new such clinics will be commended in phases.
     
  • Industry: Karnataka Special Investment Region Act will be formulated for the establishment, operation, control, and management of mega industrial regions.  Initially, Tumakuru and Dharwad districts will be notified as Special Investment Region.
     
  • Health: Namma Clinics will be established in major cities of Karnataka and in all wards of Bengaluru.   These clinics will provide testing facilities for non-communicable diseases.   

Karnataka’s Economy

  • GSDP:  Karnataka’s GSDP (at constant prices) is estimated to grow by 9.5% in 2021-22, as compared to a contraction of 0.5% in 2020-21. In 2021-22, agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors are estimated to grow by 2.4%, 7.5%, and 9.2% respectively. In 2021-22, India’s GDP (at constant prices) is estimated to increase by 8.9% (against a contraction of 6.6% in 2020-21).
     
  • Sectors:  In 2021-22, at current prices, agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors are estimated to contribute 15%, 19%, and 66% of the economy respectively.
     
  • Per capita GSDP:  The per capita GSDP of Karnataka in 2020-21 (at current prices) was Rs 2,49,947; 1.4% higher than the corresponding figure in 2019-20.  In 2020-21, per capita GSDP of Karnataka was higher than the per capita GDP at the national level (Rs 1,46,087 at current prices).

Figure 1: Growth in GSDP and sectors in Karnataka at constant (2011-12) prices 

 image

Note: These numbers are as per constant prices (2011-12) which implies that the growth rate is adjusted for inflation.
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Budget Estimates for 2022-23

  • Expenditure (excluding debt repayment) in 2022-23 is targeted at Rs 2,51,541 crore.  This is an increase of 5% over the revised estimate of 2021-22 (Rs 2,38,600 crore).   This expenditure is proposed to be met through receipts (excluding borrowings) of Rs 1,89,977 crore and net borrowings of Rs 57,821 crore.  Receipts (excluding borrowings) for 2022-23 are expected to increase marginally from the revised estimate of 2021-22.  In 2021-22, receipts are estimated to be 10% higher than the budget estimates.
     
  • In 2022-23, the state is estimated to observe a revenue deficit of Rs 14,699 crore, which is 0.78% of its GSDP.  This is higher than the revenue deficit of 0.36% of GSDP in 2021-22 as per revised estimates.
     
  • Fiscal deficit in 2022-23 is estimated to be 3.26% of GSDP which is within the limit of 4% of GSDP permitted by the central government in Union Budget 2022-23 (of which, 0.5% of GSDP will be made available upon undertaking power sector reforms).  In 2021-22, the state has estimated a fiscal deficit of 2.84% of GSDP, which is lower than the limit of 4.5% of GSDP permitted by the central government (of which, 0.5% of GSDP becomes available upon undertaking power sector reforms).  

Table  1 : Budget 2022-23 - Key figures (in Rs crore)

Items

2020-21

Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

% change from BE 21-22 to RE 21-22

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to BE 22-23

Total Expenditure

2,35,145

2,46,207

2,53,165

3%

2,65,720

5%

(-) Repayment of debt

11,016

14,565

14,565

0%

14,179

-3%

Net Expenditure (E)

2,24,129

2,31,642

2,38,600

3%

2,51,541

5%

Total Receipts

2,41,559

2,43,734

2,57,042

5%

2,61,977

2%

(-) Borrowings

84,528

71,332

67,332

-6%

72,000

7%

Net Receipts (R)

1,57,032

1,72,402

1,89,710

10%

1,89,977

0%

Fiscal Deficit (E-R)

67,098

59,240

48,890

-17%

61,564

26%

as % of GSDP

3.72%

3.44%

2.84%

3.26%

Revenue Deficit

19,338

15,134

6,235

-59%

14,699

136%

as % of GSDP

1.07%

0.88%

0.36%

0.78%

Primary Deficit

45,177

32,079

21,729

-32%

32,170

48%

as % of GSDP

2.50%

1.86%

1.26%

1.71%

Note: BE is Budget Estimates; RE is Revised Estimates.
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Expenditure in 2022-23

  • Revenue expenditure in 2022-23 is estimated to be Rs 2,04,587 crore, which is an increase of 4% over the revised estimate of 2021-22 (Rs 1,95,814 crore).  This expenditure includes the payment of salaries, pensions, interest, and subsidies.  In 2021-22, as per the revised estimates, revenue expenditure is estimated to be 4% higher than budgeted.
     
  • Capital outlay in 2022-23 is estimated to be Rs 43,573 crore, which is an increase of 10% over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  Capital outlay comprises expenditure towards creation of assets.  This includes expenditure on building schools, hospitals, and roads and bridges.  In 2021-22, capital outlay is estimated to be 5% lower than the budget estimate.

Subsidies

In 2022-23, Karnataka is estimated to give subsidies worth Rs 26,114 crore, an increase of 2.5% over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  The energy sector is estimated to receive the highest subsidy at Rs 12,000 crore which is an increase of 5% over 2021-22.  Subsidy provided to the agriculture and horticulture sector is expected to increase by 38% in 2022-23 over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  Food and civil supplies sector has been allocated subsidy worth Rs 2,810 crore which is a decrease of 29% as compared to the revised estimate of 2021-22.  Karnataka has also allocated Rs 1,491 crore as subsidy for commerce and industries in 2022-23.

Table  2 :  Expenditure budget 2022-23 (in Rs crore)

Items

2020-21

Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

% change from BE 21-22 to RE 21-22

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to BE 22-23

Revenue Expenditure

1,76,054

1,87,405

1,95,814

4%

2,04,587

4%

Capital Outlay

45,406

41,358

39,482

-5%

43,573

10%

Loans given by the state

2,669

2,879

2,884

0%

3,382

17%

Net Expenditure

2,24,129

2,31,642

2,38,180

3%

2,51,541

6%

Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Committed expenditure: Committed expenditure of a state typically includes expenditure on payment of salaries, pensions, and interest.  Allocation of a large portion of the budget for committed expenditure items limits the state’s flexibility to decide on other expenditure priorities such as developmental schemes and capital outlay.  In 2022-23, Karnataka is estimated to spend Rs 94,699 crore on committed expenditure items, which is 50% of its revenue receipts.  This comprises spending on salaries (22% of revenue receipts), interest payments (15%), and pension (13%).  Committed expenditure in 2022-23 is estimated to increase by 6% over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  Interest payments are estimated to increase by 8% while salaries and pension are estimated to increase by 7% and 3%, respectively.

Table  3 : Committed Expenditure in 2022-23 (in Rs crore)

Items

2020-21

Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

% change from BE 21-22 to RE 21-22

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to BE 22-23

Salaries

31,849

38,626

38,430

-1%

41,288

7%

Pensions

18,936

23,413

23,413

0%

24,016

3%

Interest Payment

21,920

27,161

27,161

0%

29,395

8%

Total Committed Expenditure

72,706

89,199

89,004

0%

94,699

6%

Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Sector-wise expenditure: The sectors listed below account for 61% of the total expenditure on sectors by the state in 2022-23.  A comparison of Karnataka’s expenditure on the key sectors with that by other states is shown in Annexure 1.

Table  4 : Sector-wise expenditure under Karnataka Budget 2022-23 (in Rs crore)

Sectors

2020-21 Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to
BE 22-23

Budget Provisions
2022-23 BE

Education, Sports, Arts, and Culture

25,483

29,100

29,607

32,018

8%

  • Rs 17,184 crore has been allocated towards elementary education.
  • Rs 960 crore has been allocated for Mid-Day Meal Programme.

Irrigation and Flood Control

19,968

19,367

18,391

20,652

12%

  • Rs 15,984 crore has been allocated for investments in public sector and other undertakings.

Agriculture and allied activities

17,328

14,976

15,429

17,039

10%

  • Rs 2,000 crore has been allocated towards Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Yojana.
  • Rs 927 crore has been allocated towards crop insurance.

Social Welfare and Nutrition

14,672

13,651

15,242

15,528

2%

  • Rs 3,885 crore has been allocated towards pension under social security scheme.
  • Rs 1,956 crore has been allocated for distribution of nutritious foods and beverages.

Health and Family Welfare

11,868

12,235

14,632

14,368

-2%

  • Rs 2,375 crore has been allocated for Urban Health Services – Allopathy.
  • Rs 1,039 crore has been allocated to Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana. 

Energy

14,927

12,579

12,398

12,226

-1%

  • Rs 9,419 crore has been allocated for subsidies to Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited.

Transport

15,562

12,736

12,282

12,105

-1%

  • Rs 1,327 crore has been allocated towards assistance to public sector and other undertakings.

Rural Development

9,231

9,191

9,434

9,295

-1%

  • Rs 1,283 crore has been allocated towards MGNREGS.

Welfare of SC, ST, OBC, and Minorities

7,457

8,686

8,596

9,180

7%

  • Rs 3,818 crore has been allocated for welfare of scheduled castes.

Police

6,306

7,235

7,263

8,007

10%

  • Rs 5,675 crore has been allocated for district police.

% of total expenditure on all sectors

64%

61%

61%

61%

 

 

Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Receipts in 2022-23

  • Total revenue receipts for 2022-23 are estimated to be Rs 1,89,888 crore, a marginal increase over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  Of this, Rs 1,37,824 crore (73%) will be raised by the state through its own resources, and Rs 52,064 crore (27%) will come from the centre.  Resources from the centre will be in the form of state’s share in central taxes (16% of revenue receipts) and grants (12% of revenue receipts).  Note that grants from the centre is estimated to increase 48% in 2021-22 as compared to the budget stage. 
     
  • Devolution: In 2022-23, the state estimates to receive Rs 29,783 crore in the form of share in central taxes, an increase of 10% over the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Rs 27,145 crore).  In 2021-22, the devolution from the central government is estimated to be 12% higher than the budget estimate.
     
  • State’s own tax revenue: Total own tax revenue of Karnataka is estimated to be Rs 1,26,883 crore in 2022-23, an increase of 14% over the revised estimate of 2021-22.  The state’s own tax revenue as a percentage of GSDP is estimated to increase from 5.4% of GSDP in 2020-21 (as per actuals) to 6.7% of GSDP in 2022-23 (as per budget estimate).
     
  • State’s non-tax revenue: In 2022-23, the state is estimated to earn Rs 10,941 crore in the form of state’s own non-tax revenue, a 22% increase over the revised estimates of 2021-22.  In 2021-22, state’s own non-tax revenue is estimated to register an increase of 9% as compared to the budget estimates.

 

Table  5 : Break-up of the state government’s receipts (in Rs crore)

Sources

2020-21

Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

% change from BE 21-22 to RE 21-22

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to BE 22-23

State's Own Tax

97,053

1,11,494

1,11,498

0%

1,26,883

14%

State's Own Non-Tax

7,894

8,258

9,000

9%

10,941

22%

Share in Central Taxes

21,694

24,273

27,145

12%

29,783

10%

Grants-in-aid from Centre

30,076

28,246

41,936

48%

22,281

-47%

Revenue Receipts

1,56,716

1,72,271

1,89,579

10%

1,89,888

0%

Non-debt Capital Receipts

315

131

131

0%

89

-32%

Net Receipts

1,57,032

1,72,402

1,89,710

10%

1,89,977

0%

Note: State’s Own Tax and Grants from Centre figures have been adjusted to account for GST compensation grants as Grants from Centre. BE is Budget Estimates; RE is Revised Estimates.  
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

  • In 2022-23, SGST is estimated to be the largest source of own tax revenue (42%).  SGST revenue in 2022-23 is estimated at Rs 53,220 crore, which is a 16% increase over the revised estimates of 2021-22.  While there is no change in the estimates of SGST revenue from the budget to the revised stage in 2021-22, GST compensation is estimated to increase from Rs 12,708 crore at the budget stage to Rs 25,267 crore at the revised stage.  Note that Karnataka has not estimated any proceeds from back-to-back loans in lieu of GST compensation in 2021-22 according to budget documents. However, the budget speech specified that the state will get Rs 18,109 crore as GST compensation loan and Rs 7,158 crore as GST compensation grants in 2021-22.
     
  • In 2022-23, revenue from State Excise and Sales Tax/VAT are estimated to increase by 18% and 5% respectively over the revised estimates of 2021-22 (Table 6).

GST Compensation ends in June 2022

When the GST was introduced, the central government guaranteed states a 14% compounded annual growth in their GST revenue for a period of five years.  Any shortfall in a state’s GST revenue from this level is covered by the Centre by providing compensation grants to the state.  This guarantee ends in June 2022. During 2018-22, Karnataka has relied on GST compensation grants to achieve the guaranteed SGST revenue level. In 2021-22, Karnataka is estimated to receive Rs 25,267 crore in the form of GST compensation grants, which is about 23% of its own tax revenue. Hence, beyond June 2022, Karnataka might see a decline in the level of revenue receipts.

Table  6 :  Major sources of state’s own-tax revenue (in Rs crore)

Taxes

2020-21

Actuals

2021-22

BE

2021-22

RE

% change from BE 21-22 to RE 21-22

2022-23

BE

% change from RE 21-22 to BE 22-23

State GST

37,711

45,947

45,947

0%

53,220

16%

State Excise

23,332

24,580

24,580

0%

29,000

18%

Sales Tax/VAT

16,028

16,791

16,791

0%

17,640

5%

Stamps Duty and Registration Fees

10,576

12,655

12,655

0%

15,000

19%

Taxes on Vehicles

5,607

7,515

7,515

0%

8,007

7%

Taxes and Duties on Electricity

2,434

2,708

2,712

0%

2,823

4%

Land Revenue

184

271

271

0%

43

-84%

GST Compensation Grants

13,789

12,708

25,267

99%

5,000

-80%

GST Compensation Loans

12,407

-

-

-

-

-

Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.

Deficits and Debt Targets for 2022-23

The Karnataka Fiscal Responsibility Act (KFRA), 2002 provides annual targets to progressively reduce the outstanding liabilities, revenue deficit, and fiscal deficit of the state government.

Revenue Balance: It is the difference of revenue expenditure and revenue receipts.  A revenue deficit implies that the government needs to borrow to finance its expenses which do not increase its assets or reduces its liabilities.  In 2022-23, Karnataka is estimated to observe a revenue deficit of Rs 14,699 crore, which is 0.78% of the GSDP.  This is higher than the revenue deficit of 0.36% of GSDP in 2021-22 as per the revised estimates.  

KFRA required the state to eliminate revenue deficit by March 31, 2006.  This was achieved in 2004-05 and thereafter the state maintained a revenue surplus.   However, it recorded a revenue deficit in 2020-21 and 2021-22 due to fall in revenue receipts during COVID-19. According to the projections provided, Karnataka is likely to have a revenue deficit up to 2025-26.  Note that the 15th Finance Commission provided for revenue deficit grant to Karnataka only in 2021-22.  The Fiscal Management Review Committee (FMRC), under KFRA, suggested that a roadmap may be started so that Karnataka becomes revenue surplus.  The Committee recommended expenditure rationalisation, as it would be difficult to meet expenditure commitments without an increase in revenue growth. 

Fiscal deficit: It is the excess of total expenditure over total receipts.  This gap is filled by borrowings by the government and leads to an increase in total liabilities of the state government.  In 2022-23, the fiscal deficit is estimated to be Rs 61,564 crore (3.26% of GSDP).  It is within the limit of 4% of GSDP permitted by the central government in 2022-23 as per the Union Budget (of which, 0.5% of GSDP will be made available upon undertaking power sector reforms).

Outstanding liabilities: Outstanding liabilities is the accumulation of total borrowings at the end of a financial year, it also includes any liabilities on public account.  At the end of March 2023, the outstanding liabilities of the state is estimated to be 27.49% of the GSDP.  The outstanding liabilities are estimated to rise from 19.87% of GSDP in 2019-20 to 27.55% in 2025-26.  KFRA has imposed a limit of 25% on total liabilities to GSDP ratio.  While Karnataka achieved this in 2010-11, the 25% limit was breached in 2021-22 due to increased borrowings in the backdrop of COVID-19.  The FMRC recommended that measures may be taken to reduce total liabilities to below 25% of GSDP in the next two to three years.  

Figure  2 : Revenue and Fiscal Balance (% of GSDP) 

image

Note: RE is Revised Estimates; BE is budget estimates.  A positive figure means a surplus, a negative figure means a deficit.  *Figures for 2023-24, 2024-25 and 2025-26 are projections.
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.  

Figure  3 : Outstanding Liabilities (% of GSDP)

image

Note: RE is Revised Estimates; BE is budget estimates. *Figures for 2023-24, 2024-25 and 2025-26 are projections.
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; PRS.  

 Outstanding Government Guarantees: Outstanding liabilities of states do not include a few other liabilities that are contingent in nature, which states may have to honour in certain cases.  State governments guarantee the borrowings of State Public Sector Enterprises (SPSEs) from financial institutions.  At the end of 2020-21, the outstanding guarantee of the state is estimated to be 1.8% of GSDP, marginally higher than 1.6% of GSDP at the end of 2019-20.  According to the Karnataka Ceiling of Government Guarantee Act, 1999, outstanding guarantees should not exceed 80% of revenue receipts of the second preceding year.   In 2019-20, this amount was 18.3% which increased to 19.8% in 2020-21.  

Annexure 1:  Comparison of states’ expenditure on key sectors

The graphs below compare Karnataka’s expenditure on six key sectors as a proportion of its total expenditure on all sectors.  The average for a sector indicates the average expenditure in that sector by 30 states (including Karnataka) as per their budget estimates of 2021-22. [1]

  • Education:  Karnataka has allocated 12.9% of its total expenditure for education in 2022-23.  This is lower than the average allocation (15.2%) for education by all states (as per 2021-22 Budget Estimates).
     
  • Health:  Karnataka has allocated 5.8% of its total expenditure on health, which is marginally lower than the average allocation for health by states (6%).
     
  • Agriculture:  The state has allocated 6.9% of its total expenditure towards agriculture and allied activities.  This is higher than the average allocation for agriculture by states (6.2%).
     
  • Rural development:  Karnataka has allocated 3.7% of its expenditure on rural development.  This is lower than the average allocation for rural development by states (5.7%).
     
  • Police:  Karnataka has allocated 3.2% of its total expenditure on police, which is lower than the average expenditure on police by states (4.3%).
     
  • Roads and bridges:  Karnataka has allocated 4.1% of its total expenditure on roads and bridges, which is lower than the average allocation by states (4.7%).

image

image

image

image

image

image

Note: 2020-21, 2021-22 (BE), 2021-22 (RE), and 2022-23 (BE) figures are for Karnataka.
Sources: Karnataka Budget Documents 2022-23; various state budgets; PRS.

Annexure 2:  Comparison of 2020-21 Budget Estimates and Actuals

The following tables compare the actuals of 2020-21 with budget estimates for that year.

Table  7 : Overview of Receipts and Expenditure (in Rs crore)

Particular

2020-21 BE

2020-21 Actuals

% change from BE to Actuals

Net Receipts (1+2)

1,80,216

1,57,032

-13%

1.  Revenue Receipts (a+b+c+d)

1,79,920

1,56,716

-13%

a.  Own Tax Revenue

1,11,991

97,053

-13%

b.  Own Non-Tax Revenue

7,767

7,894

2%

c.  Share in central taxes

28,591

21,694

-24%

d.  Grants-in-aid from the Centre

31,570

30,076

-5%

Of which GST compensation grants

16,116

13,789

-14%

2.  Non-Debt Capital Receipts

297

315

6%

3.  Borrowings

52,918

84,528

60%

Of which GST compensation loan

-

12,407

-

Net Expenditure (4+5+6)

2,26,288

2,24,129

-1%

4.  Revenue Expenditure

1,79,776

1,76,054

-2%

5.  Capital Outlay

43,059

45,406

5%

6.  Loans and Advances

3,452

2,669

-23%

7.  Debt Repayment

11,605

11,016

-5%

Revenue Balance

143

-19,338

-13593%

Revenue Balance (as % of GSDP)*

0.01%

-1.07%

 

Fiscal Deficit

46,072

67,098

46%

Fiscal Deficit (as % of GSDP)

2.55%

3.72%

 

Note: *A negative revenue sign indicates a deficit, positive sign indicates a surplus.  BE: Budget Estimates.
Source: Karnataka Budget Documents of various years; PRS.

Table  8 : Key Components of State's Own Tax Revenue (in Rs crore)

Sector

2020-21 BE

2020-21 Actuals

% change from BE to Actuals

State Excise Duty

22,700

16,028

-29%

Land Revenue

246

184

-25%

Taxes on Vehicles

7,115

5,607

-21%

SGST

47,319

37,711

-20%

Taxes and Duties on Electricity

2,917

2,434

-17%

Stamps Duty and Registration Fees

12,655

10,576

-16%

Sales Tax/VAT

17,783

23,332

31%

Source: Karnataka Budget Documents of various years; PRS.

Table  9 : Allocation towards Key Sectors (in Rs crore)

Sector

2020-21 BE

2020-21 Actuals

% change from BE to Actuals

Housing

3,025

2,363

-22%

Welfare of SC, ST, OBC, and Minorities

9,402

7,457

-21%

Education, Sports, Arts, and Culture

28,967

25,483

-12%

Police

7,035

6,306

-10%

Rural Development

9,769

9,231

-6%

Water Supply and Sanitation

4,944

4,707

-5%

Urban Development

5,780

5,547

-4%

Irrigation and Flood Control

19,603

19,968

2%

Agriculture and allied activities

16,472

17,328

5%

Social Welfare and Nutrition

13,395

14,672

10%

Health and Family Welfare

10,296

11,868

15%

Energy

12,918

14,927

16%

Transport

12,220

15,562

27%

of which Roads and Bridges

10,477

12,984

24%

Source: Karnataka Budget Documents of various years; PRS.

[1]  The 30 states include the Union Territory of Delhi and Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

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