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The Constitution of India provides for a legislature in each State and entrusts it with the responsibility to make laws for the state. They make laws related to subjects in the State List and the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. These include subjects such as agriculture, health, education, and police. At present, there are 30 state legislatures in the country, including in the two union territories of Delhi and Puducherry. State legislatures also determine the allocation of resources through their budgetary process. They collectively spend about 70% more than the centre. This implies that much of what affects citizens on a regular basis is decided at the level of the state. For a detailed discussion on the budgets of all states, please see our annual State of State Finances report. This report focuses on the legislative work performed by states in the calendar year 2020. It is based on data compiled from state legislature websites and state gazettes. It covers 19 state legislatures, including the union territory of Delhi, which together account for 90% of the population of the country. Information and data on state legislatures is not easily available. While some state legislatures publish data on a regular basis, many do not have a systematic way of reporting legislative proceedings and business. The following abbreviations are used for the state assemblies in the charts throughout the report.
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Contents
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Section |
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Functioning of State Legislatures |
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Overview of Legislative Work |
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Legislation by Subjects |
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Appendix 1 – List of Acts of States in 2020 |
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Appendix 2 – List of Bills passed by States in 2020 |
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Appendix 3 – List of Ordinances issued by States in 2020 |
FUNCTIONING OF STATE LEGISLATURES
In India’s federal structure, there are 30 law making bodies in addition to Parliament. The Constitution provides for legislatures in all 28 states and the union territories of Delhi, Puducherry, and Jammu & Kashmir (which will be constituted after elections are held in the newly formed union territory). Unlike Parliament which has two houses, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, most legislatures in the country are unicameral, consisting of a directly elected house called Legislative Assembly. Six states - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh - have a second house called Legislative Council.
The Constitution distributes the law making power between state legislatures and Parliament. Subject areas like law and order, health, education, and agriculture are in the domain of state legislatures. In addition to law making, state legislatures, like Parliament, pass the budget and oversee the work of the executive. Most state legislatures meet for two or three sessions in a year, consisting of a longer budget session, which concludes by the end of March and then brief monsoon and winter sessions.
In 2020, 19 states (for which data was available) met for an average of 18 days in the year. Meetings were affected due to COVID-19. Between 2016 and 2019, these 19 states met for an average of 29 days a year. In 2020, Karnataka (31 days) met for the highest number of days, followed by Rajasthan (29 days), and Himachal Pradesh (25 days). Kerala dropped from an average of 53 days in the previous four years to meeting for just 20 days in 2020. Note that, Parliament met for 33 days in 2020.
After the easing of lockdown conditions, state legislatures resumed their meetings. Some legislatures used alternate means to enable meetings. In Andhra Pradesh, the Governor’s address was delivered through video conferencing.[1] Tamil Nadu held its monsoon session in an auditorium, and Puducherry legislators met under a Neem tree to pass the budget.[2],[3]
Figure 1: Number of sitting days of state assemblies in 2020
Sources: Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
Figure 2: Average number of sitting days of state assemblies (2016-19)
Note: The data available for Gujarat is average of number of sittings for 2016-19. Sittings are individual meetings of an assembly, while sitting days are individual calendar days on which an assembly meets. There can be one or more sittings in a single calendar day.
Sources: Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
OVERVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE WORK
As we were able to collate data from 19 states, this section is based on such data.
Bills Passed
In 2020, states passed an average of 22 Bills (excluding Appropriation Bills). Karnataka passed 61 Bills, the highest in the country. The lowest was Delhi, which passed one Bill, followed by West Bengal and Kerala, which passed two and three Bills, respectively. As Appropriation Bills are used only for sanctioning government expenditure (as approved through the demands of each department), we exclude them in our analysis here. The list of all Bills is given in the Appendix.
Figure 3: Number of Bills passed by states in 2020
Sources: State Gazettes, Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
Enacted legislations
After a Bill has been passed by the legislature, it has to receive the assent of the Governor (or the President) to become an Act. Therefore, all Bills passed in a year may not become laws the same year. For example, of the 41 laws enacted in Andhra Pradesh in 2020, 16 had been passed by the legislature in 2019.
In 2020, states on average have enacted 20 laws (excluding appropriation laws). Karnataka has enacted the highest number of laws (55), followed by Andhra Pradesh (41). At the other end, West Bengal has enacted one law. Kerala, which had enacted a yearly average of 23 laws in the preceding three years, used the Ordinance route for making laws and only enacted three laws last year.
Figure 4: Number of laws enacted by states in 2020
Sources: State Gazettes, Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
Time Taken to Pass Bills
State legislatures pass most Bills without detailed scrutiny. In 2020, 59% of the Bills were passed on the same day that they were introduced in the legislature. A further 14% were passed within a day of being introduced. Only 9% of the Bills were passed more than five days after introduction (some of these were referred to a committee for further examination). States that passed all Bills on the same day as their introduction include Bihar (13), Jharkhand (8), Madhya Pradesh (5), and Punjab (26). Some states like Haryana (34 out of 35 Bills) and Uttar Pradesh (32 out of 37 Bills) passed most of their Bills on the same day as their introduction. States like Karnataka and Rajasthan passed a majority of their Bills two or more days after their introduction in the legislature. In both states, 37% of Bills had a gap of at least five days between their introduction and passing.
Figure 5: Percentage of Bills passed by state assemblies at different intervals after introduction
Sources: Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
In Parliament, Bills are often referred to Parliamentary Standing Committees for detailed examination. This enables MPs on the committees to engage with experts, various stakeholders, and government officials to understand the implications of a Bill. These committees makes their recommendations to Parliament, which helps inform the debate on the Bill. In most states, such committees are non-existent. In the absence of a robust committee system and fewer working days, state legislatures barely spend any time scrutinising legislative proposals brought before them.
However, there are certain exceptions. Kerala has constituted 14 subject committees for examining Bills. In 2020, in some states like Goa, Karnataka, and Maharashtra, select committees (adhoc committees) were constituted for scrutinising important Bills. For example, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Bill, 2020 was introduced in the Karnataka Assembly in March 2020 and immediately referred to a Joint Select Committee (of both Houses) for further examination.[4] The Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra Amendment) Bill, 2020 was introduced in the Maharashtra Assembly in December 2020 and referred to a Joint Select Committee (of both Houses) for further examination.[5]
Promulgation of Ordinances
While law making powers are exclusively vested in the legislature, the Constitution permits the executive to enact a law under exceptional circumstances. When the legislature is not in session and immediate action is required, then the government can make a law, called an Ordinance. Ordinances are in force until six weeks after the next meeting of the legislature (unless they are repealed), after which they lapse. Data from 19 states show that, on average, they issued 14 Ordinances over the last year. This number was skewed by Kerala which promulgated 81 Ordinances. Nearly half of these 81 Ordinances were ones that were re-promulgated, i.e., the same Ordinance was issued again after an intervening session.
Figure 6: Number of Ordinances promulgated by states in 2020
Sources: State Gazettes, Assembly websites of various states; PRS.
LEGISLATION BY SUBJECTS
State legislatures make laws on subjects in the State List, and the Concurrent List. These include subjects such as agriculture, health, law and order, education, and labour. They also pass laws to approve the state government’s expenditure and tax proposals.
In 2020, apart from budget (14%) and taxation (15%), majority of the laws enacted by states were in the areas of education (12%), local government (10%), and agriculture and allied activities (6%). Within education, 82% of the laws were related to higher education (setting up of universities or amending existing laws regulating universities). The remaining were largely related to establishing higher education councils and regulation of school fees. Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh (seven each), and Andhra Pradesh (six) have enacted the highest number of laws related to education.
In the area of health, the biggest challenge in 2020 was the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. A few states enacted laws to amend the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897.[6] Some other states notified temporary regulations under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, or promulgated Ordinances to tackle the pandemic.
The impact of COVID-19 extended to other areas of legislation as well. For example, some states enacted laws to bring changes in elections to local governments. Maharashtra enacted a law to postpone the elections to the offices of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor of some municipal corporations.[7] Kerala amended its panchayat and municipal laws to facilitate postal and direct voting for persons affected by COVID-19 or those in quarantine.[8],[9] Other legislative actions triggered by the pandemic included reducing salaries of legislators to conserve financial resources and amendments to labour laws to enable longer (and hence, fewer) shifts in factories.
State legislatures also pass laws on subjects that are of relevance to their specific states. For example, Tamil Nadu passed a law to provide preferential appointment in government jobs to candidates who have studied in Tamil medium from primary school level.[10] Kerala passed a law that seeks to protect the rights of the deceased to be buried in Christian cemeteries of the parishes to which they belonged.[11]
Figure 7: Subject-wise laws enacted by states in 2020
Sources: State Gazettes, Assembly websites of states; PRS.
Agriculture
In 2020, states passed 29 laws related to agriculture (including animal husbandry and fisheries). These laws encompass a range of subject matters, including agriculture marketing and agricultural land laws.
Agriculture marketing in most states is regulated by Agriculture Produce Marketing Committees (APMCs) established under the respective state APMC Acts.[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],[17] In 2017, the central government released the model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2017 to provide states with a template to enact new legislation and bring comprehensive market reforms in the agriculture sector.[18] In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, several states decided to adopt provisions from the model Act. Table 1 outlines key APMC-related amendments introduced in 2020 by different states.
Table 1: Key APMC amendments introduced by various states
|
Key amendments introduced in 2020 |
AS |
GA |
GJ |
HR |
HP |
MG |
MP |
TN |
UP |
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Declaring whole state as Unified Market Area |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
No |
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Unified Trading Licence for whole state |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
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Regulation of Livestock Marketing |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Exists |
No |
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Licence for e-trading platforms |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Exists |
|
Establishment of Private markets |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Exists |
|
Direct Marketing (purchase from farmers outside designated market yards) |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
No |
Yes |
Exists |
Note: "Exists” denotes the prior existence (before 2020) of the concerned provision in the respective state law.
Sources: Acts and Ordinances of these states amending APMC laws– please see endnotes for details; PRS.
In September 2020, Parliament enacted three laws: (i) the Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, (ii) the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020, and (iii) the Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020.[28],[29],[30] These laws allowed the direct sale of farm produce to buyers without the intermediation of APMCs. They also defined a framework for contract farming, and limited the use of stock limits and price control on certain agricultural items to extraordinary circumstances like war, famine or a sharp price rise. However, in January 2021, the Supreme Court of India ordered a stay on the implementation of these laws and constituted a committee of experts to examine them.[31] The committee submitted its recommendations to the Court in March 2021.[32]
In response to protests by farmers against these central farm laws, three state assemblies – Chhattisgarh, Punjab, and Rajasthan – passed Bills to address farmers’ concerns. While Punjab and Rajasthan passed Bills to amend the central laws in their application to their states, Chhattisgarh passed a Bill to amend its own APMC law in response to the central laws.[33],[34],[35],[36],[37],[38],[39],[40],[41] These state Bills: (i) enable state governments to levy market fees on agricultural trade outside APMC market premises, (ii) mandate Minimum Support Price (MSP) regime for certain types of produce, and (iii) empower state governments to regulate the production, supply, and distribution of essential commodities, and impose stock limits under extraordinary circumstances. The Bills still await the respective state Governors’ assent and additionally, the President’s assent to become laws.
In 2020, a few states also passed laws regarding the use and conversion of agricultural lands for non-agricultural purposes. These laws are discussed in the following section on Land.
Land
The subject of ‘Land’ is in the State List, and covers aspects such as land rights, land revenue, and transfer of agricultural land.[42] However, there are other aspects related to land that fall in the Concurrent list, such as acquisition and requisitioning of property, and transfer of property other than agricultural land.[43] In 2020, states have passed laws on land registration, land ownership, land grabbing, land reforms, and agricultural land use.
Land ownership: Uttar Pradesh amended an existing law to include people of the third gender as members of a landowners family to give them succession and physical rights over the property.[44],[45] The third gender is defined as a person who is of a gender different from the male or the female gender.
Karnataka also amended the Land Reforms Act, 1961 to introduce reforms related to the holding, transfer, and sale of agricultural land.[46],[47] Earlier, agricultural land could only be owned by agriculturists (persons who personally cultivate such land). Further, the sale of such land was prohibited to certain other categories of people, including: (i) non-agricultural labourers, (ii) agriculturists with land holdings higher than prescribed ceiling limits, and (iii) persons having an assured annual income of Rs 25 lakh or more from non-agricultural sources. The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 2020 allows non-agriculturists to buy agricultural land, and also removes the income limit for the purchase of land.47 However, the restriction on ceiling limits on land holdings continues to remain in place.
Land acquisition: Haryana amended an existing law on special provisions related to the consolidation of project land by the state government.[48] The Haryana Consolidation of Project Land (Special Provisions) Act, 2017 provides for the state government or its agencies to consolidate total project land in any area (to ensure the viability of the project) if they already own or purchase 70% or more of the said project land.[49] The 2020 amendment extends this to land taken on lease as well.48 Further, under the 2017 Act, a person whose land was acquired by the state government for purposes of project consolidation could either seek monetary compensation at prescribed rates, or an equal area of land of equal valuation. The 2020 amendment provides for the land compensation to be any area of land of equal valuation.
Land grabbing: During the year, states like Gujarat and Karnataka also passed laws to prohibit land grabbing. [50],[51] Land grabbing refers to any activity of unlawfully grabbing land (with or without force, deceit, or threat), for the purpose of possession, tenancy, or sale of such land, or by construction or occupation of unauthorised structures on any such land. Gujarat enacted a new law to introduce stringent punishments for land grabbing (imprisonment of 10 to 14 years and a fine) and the constitution of Special Courts for speedy trials of such cases.50 The Act also replaced the existing Police-led Special Investigation Team with a District Collector-led committee (including police officials) to investigate into complaints of land grabbing. Meanwhile, Karnataka amended the existing law to exempt certain types of land grants from the purview of land grabbing. It enables Special Courts to try offences summarily and also provides for appeals to lie with the High Court.51
Land registration: Gujarat amended an existing law to simplify the process of property registration and make it more transparent.[52] The law provides for citizens to use an online registration process without the assistance of lawyers and middlemen. It also requires mandatory registration of power of attorney, and disallows registration of documents of immovable property attached by any competent authority.
Change in Land Use: Rajasthan relaxed the ceiling on agricultural holdings for use of excess land for solar or wind power or wind-solar hybrid power projects.[53] Gujarat passed a law permitting the sale of land for bonafide industrial uses, where the purchaser has failed to commence production within three years of acquisition of said land.[54] Bihar amended a law to periodically permit conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land (related to notified industries), with prior approval and payment of a requisite fee.[55] Telangana passed a law to digitise the process of converting agricultural land for non-agricultural purposes.[56]
In Karnataka, to facilitate the operation of industries, the legislature amended two laws that regulate change in land use for industries.46,[57] The Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 was amended to permit the change of land use in the master plan when land is procured for a public purpose by some statutory bodies.[58] The Land Reforms Act, 1961 was amended to allow the sale of agricultural land converted for industrial purposes after a minimum period of use of seven years.[59] This is to permit sick industries to conduct a distress sale of land to others, provided it is for the same industrial purpose for which permission was initially obtained.
In Andhra Pradesh, an existing law permitted agricultural lands to be repurposed for non-agricultural uses upon payment of a conversion tax to the state government.[60] This law was amended to permit reconversion of certain lands back to agricultural land (upon payment of a one percent reconversion fee). This exception was allowed only for land allotted to the Andhra Pradesh Green Energy Corporation Ltd. to establish solar power plants, after the closure of such solar power projects.
Tamil Nadu enacted a law to declare the Cauvery River delta region as a Protected Agricultural Zone.[61] It prohibits setting up of industries, such as steel processing industries, oil and coal exploration projects, and shipbreaking industries in the delta region. However, existing infrastructure projects, such as harbour, telecommunications, pipelines, roads, and public utility projects will not be affected.
Law and Justice
Several states passed Bills on matters related to law and order, and courts under their jurisdiction.
Courts: Several states passed laws amending existing Acts on court fees and suits valuation.[62],[63],[64] Assam, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana amended their existing laws to allow for electronic modes of transfer for payment or refund of court fees.[65],[66],[67],[68] These amendments came in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Goa amended its legislation to introduce a hike in the court fee structure for various suits.[69] Rajasthan prescribed a maximum fee of Rs 25,000 as the court fee for defamation suits.[70]
Assam and Telangana also passed laws to amend the jurisdiction of civil courts. In Assam, the jurisdiction of a Munsif court (lowest level civil court) was expanded to suits up to a value of ten lakh rupees (previously, Rs 50,000), with all appeals lying with the District Judge.[71] In Telangana, appeals from civil courts for suits of value up to Rs 35 lakh (previously, Rs 20 lakh) will lie with the District Court.[72]
Organised crime: A few states passed laws to control and prevent anti-social activities and organised crime. For example, Gujarat enacted a law that extends the definition of anti-social activities to include: (i) sexual offenders, (ii) cybercriminals, (iii) money lenders indulging in usury, and (iv) gambling den operators.[73] Haryana passed a Bill to control organised crime, which provides for stringent punishments to offenders.[74] In 2019, a previous version of this Bill was returned by the President after objections were raised (against provisions related to interception of phone calls) by the central government.[75]
Offences against women and children: Maharashtra introduced the Shakti Bill that proposes amendments to existing laws on violence against women and children.5 The Bill enhances the existing punishments for offences committed against women and children such as rape and sexual harassment, and proposes speedy investigation and trial. For an analysis of this Bill, see the PRS Legislative Brief.[76]
Both Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh introduced Bills that set up exclusive courts to try offences against women and children.[77],[78] The Bills also establish an electronic Women and Children Offenders Registry that will capture and maintain full details of persons convicted of offences under these laws. The registry will also be made available to law enforcement agencies.
Damages to property: Uttar Pradesh enacted a law to provide for recovery of damages to public or private property due to acts of violence in public places.[79] The law empowers the state government to set up a claims tribunal to decide on compensation claims for damages to public or private property during strikes, riots, public commotion, or protests. The tribunal may also include exemplary damages of up to double the amount of compensation liable to be paid. For an analysis of the Bill, please see the PRS Legislative Brief.[80]
Anti-cow slaughter: Uttar Pradesh amended an existing law to protect cows and prevent their slaughter.[81] The amended law penalises the driver, operator, and the owner of any vehicle transporting beef unless proven that the transportation was done without the owner’s knowledge by someone else for committing the crime.
Anti-religious conversion: Uttar Pradesh enacted a law to regulate religious conversions and prohibit certain types of religious conversions.[82] It prohibits conversion of religion through: (i) force, misrepresentation, undue influence, and allurement, or (ii) fraud, or (iii) marriage. Further, a marriage is liable to be declared void, if it was done for the sole purpose of unlawful conversion.[83] For a comparison of the UP anti-conversion law with similar laws in other states, please see here.[84]
Special forces: Uttar Pradesh also enacted a law to establish the Uttar Pradesh Special Security Force (UPSSF) for the protection and security of notified persons or establishments.[85] The UPSSF is modelled on the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) and will be tasked with protecting persons, court premises, administrative offices, shrines, metro rail, airports, banks, and industrial undertakings notified by the state government. The UPSSF can also be directed to provide protection to private establishments upon request and payment of prescribed fees. Further, the law permits a member of UPSSF to arrest and search a person, and his belongings without a Magistrate’s order or warrant.
Trade, Commerce, and Industry
States are constitutionally empowered to make laws to facilitate trade and commerce within their state boundaries.[86] In this regard, a few states passed laws to facilitate ease of doing business and remove operational restrictions to help revive industries in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh introduced laws to relax inspection and approval processes required for industries or enterprises to commence operations in their states.[87],[88],[89],[90] While Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh enacted new laws to facilitate easy setting up of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), Karnataka amended its existing law to facilitate setting up of manufacturing industries or enterprises.[91] These laws establish nodal agencies to facilitate investments and establishments of enterprises in their states. These agencies may issue certificates of in-principle approval to new enterprises, in lieu of individual approvals and departmental clearances. These certificates are valid for: (i) three years in Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka, (ii) three years and six months in Punjab, and (ii) 1,000 days in Uttar Pradesh. Consequently, enterprises in HP and UP may be granted exemption from inspections for their respective time periods. Enterprises in Punjab may also be exempted from inspections, except on the basis of complaints. However, in Karnataka, inspections will be conducted by the respective departments and the nodal agency.
Rajasthan amended an Act to introduce a One Stop Shop (OSS) scheme to expedite investments and clearances for industries (including MSMEs) in the state.[92],[93] This OSS scheme provides assistance under one roof for all investment proposals above Rs 10 crore in Rajasthan.[94] It also provides for the constitution of a Board of Investment, headed by the Chief Minister, which will be the apex body for approving policies, proposals, concessions, and exemptions to accelerate investments in the state.
Health
The World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020.[95] To prevent the spread of the pandemic, the central and state governments took multiple steps. The central government invoked the Disaster Management Act, 2005, to assume primary responsibilities of addressing the pandemic.[96] State governments either amended the central law, the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (in its application to their respective states), or prescribed temporary regulations under the 1897 Act.6
The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 provides for the prevention of the spread of dangerous epidemic diseases in the country. The Act empowers states to take special measures to prevent the outbreak and spread of epidemic diseases. Several states, including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Punjab and Telangana issued COVID-19 regulations for the prevention of the spread of the virus.[97],[98],[99],[100],[101]
Some states such as Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh promulgated various Ordinances for prevention and control of epidemic diseases in their respective states.[102],[103],[104],[105] These Ordinances were either amending or replacing the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 or the states’ own epidemic diseases Acts.
These Ordinances gave the respective state governments the power to notify any disease as an epidemic disease in their states. They could also impose restrictions such as lockdowns, an inspection of travellers, sealing of state borders, and suspension of public and private transport for preventing the spread of the disease. They also increased the penalties for contravention of rules. For example, the Uttar Pradesh Ordinance prescribed a punishment of one to three years of imprisonment and a fine of Rs 10,000 to Rs 1,00,000 for violating quarantine or isolation, and for escaping from the hospital during treatment.105
Labour
As labour is a concurrent list subject under the Constitution, both centre and states can formulate laws regulating the labour in the country.[106] States regulate labour by either passing their own laws or amending the central laws applicable to states. If there is any inconsistency between the central and state laws, the central law prevails. However, a provision of a state law may override that of a central law if the state law receives the assent of the President. Several states amended the central laws of Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Factories Act, 1948, and the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 as follows.
Industrial Disputes
The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides for investigation and settlement of industrial disputes in the country.[107] States such as Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, and Goa passed Bills amending these Acts.
Threshold for applicability of certain provisions: The Act specifies that provisions related to lay off and retrenchment of workers, and closure of establishments are not applicable to industrial establishments with less than 100 workers.107 Himachal Pradesh increased this threshold limit to 200 workers; Bihar, Karnataka, Gujarat, Goa, Odisha, and Punjab increased it to 300 workers.[108],[109],[110],[111],[112],[113],[114]
Compensation for retrenchment: Under the Act, the employer is required to provide compensation to a worker at the time of his retrenchment.107 The compensation must be equivalent to 15 days of the average pay of the worker (for every completed year of continuous service). Himachal Pradesh increased the compensation amount to 60 days of the average pay and Goa increased it to 45 days.109,110
New industrial establishments: Laws passed by Assam (excluding tea industries), Bihar, and Goa allow the state government to exempt any new industrial establishment or undertakings from all or any provisions of the Act for the first 1,000 days from the date of establishment of such new industries.108,110,[115]
Factories
The Factories Act, 1948 is a central Act that regulates labour in factories across India.[116]
Definition of Factory: The Act defines a factory as any premises where: (i) manufacturing process is carried on, and (ii) the number of workers (working at present or on any day during the last 12 months) meets a certain threshold.116 Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Punjab, Gujarat, Assam, and Odisha increased the threshold for any premises to be considered as a factory.[117],[118],[119],[120],[121],[122],[123] The threshold for a factory using electricity for manufacturing items was increased from 10 workers to 20; for those not using electricity, it was raised from 20 to 40 workers. Madhya Pradesh increased the threshold for any premises using electricity to be called as a factory from 10 workers to 50, and exempted all non-power factories from the purview of the Act.[124]
Overtime work: The Act specifies that the duration of overtime work should not exceed 75 hours in three consecutive months.116 Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Punjab increased this limit to 115 hours. Further, the Himachal Pradesh law specifies that overtime work should be paid at twice the rate of ordinary wages.
Exemption to new factories: The laws passed by Assam (excluding tea industries), Bihar, Goa, and Odisha allow the state government to exempt any new factory whose commercial production has started, from all or any provisions of this Act for the first 1,000 days of such commercial production.117,119,122,[125]
Notifications issued under the Factories Act, 1948: Last year, when the national lockdown was being relaxed, and factories were allowed to re-open, several states issued notifications increasing the number of daily work hours temporarily under Factories Act, 1948. The Act allows state governments to change the work hours when there is a public emergency or an exceptional amount of work at factories. Several states such as Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, and Odisha changed work hours under these exemptions.[126],[127],[128],[129] Please see the PRS Legislative Brief for an analysis of these changes in labour laws.[130]
Contract Labour
The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 regulates the employment of contract labour in establishments where work is not intermittent or casual in nature.[131] A few states passed laws amending the applicability of this Act to their respective states. The Act specifies that its provisions are applicable to establishments with 20 or more workers as contract labour. Assam, Bihar, Goa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Odisha amended the Act to increase the threshold from 20 to 50 workers, and Himachal Pradesh increased the threshold to 30 workers.[132],[133],[134],[135],[136],[137],[138],[139]
Central labour codes: Earlier there were over 100 state laws and 40 central laws regulating labour in the country.[140] In September 2020, Parliament passed three labour Codes related to: (i) Industrial Relations, (ii) Social Security, and (iii) Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions. These Codes along with the Code on Wages (passed in 2019) consolidate 29 central labour laws in the country, including the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Factories Act, 1948, and the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970. Once these Codes come into force, states will have to pass new laws to keep changes such as the exemption of new establishments for 1,000 days from certain laws in effect.
Working conditions for women: Karnataka amended an existing law to conditionally allow all women employees to work night shifts.[141],[142] Previously, only women employees of Information Technology or IT-enabled services were permitted to work night shifts, subject to certain safety and security conditions such as free transport. The amended law extends these provisions to other establishments, and allows for night shifts with written consent from the women employees.
Reservation for local candidates: Haryana Assembly passed a Bill to require employment reservation to local candidates in all private establishments of the state.[143] All employers must provide at least 75% of jobs with a gross monthly salary up to Rs 50,000 to local candidates. See the PRS Legislative Brief for an analysis of the Bill.[144] The Bill received the assent of the Governor in February 2021.[145]
Migrant Workers: Meghalaya enacted a law that provides for the identification and mandatory registration of migrant workers.[146] The law defines the migrant worker as: (i) any individual not belonging to the State of Meghalaya, and (ii) who is not domiciled in the state, but is seeking employment or is employed in any establishment as a skilled, unskilled, manual, technical and clerical worker.
Local Governance
In 1992, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional amendments were passed by Parliament establishing institutions of local self-governance at the rural and urban level.[147],[148] These amendments provide for the devolution of powers and responsibilities by the state government to rural and urban local bodies. Following this, several states introduced laws to implement these provisions.
Urban local bodies constitute Municipal Corporations (larger urban areas such as cities), Municipalities (smaller urban areas such as large towns), and Nagar Panchayats (areas transforming from a rural to an urban area). Rural local bodies constitute Panchayats at village, intermediate, and district level. In 2020, several states passed laws amending their principal Acts with regard to elections and reservations of local bodies.
Election of Heads of Local Bodies: The manner of the elections for the heads of urban and rural local bodies varies across the country. Articles 243C and 243R of the Constitution allow state legislatures to provide for the manner of electing a chairperson of the Panchayat and Municipality.147,148 States choose their Mayors, Municipal Chairpersons, and Sarpanches either through direct or indirect elections (elected members elect one among them as the head of the local body).
Madhya Pradesh had promulgated an Ordinance changing the nature of the election of the Mayor of the Municipal Corporation, and the President of the Municipal Council or a Nagar Panchayat from indirect to direct elections.[149] Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra changed the elections of certain heads of local bodies from direct to indirect mode.[150],[151],[152] The Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2020 provides for indirect election to the offices of the Mayor of certain Municipal Corporations and Chairperson of the Municipalities and Town Panchayats. Maharashtra amended its laws changing the elections of President of a Municipal Council and Nagar Panchayat and Sarpanch of Panchayat from direct to indirect.151,152
Karnataka enacted a legislation reducing the tenure of the Adhyaksha (President) and Upadhyaksha (Vice president) of Gram Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats, and Zilla Panchayat from five years to 30 months.[153]
Impact of COVID-19 on elections: Kerala amended its laws to allow COVID-19 patients and people in quarantine to vote in local body elections through postal ballot or directly at the polling station.8,9 The amendments extended the poll timings by one hour to exclusively enable COVID-19 patients or those under quarantine to vote in that extended one hour.
A few states also passed laws postponing the elections to local bodies. Sikkim amended its law to allow the state government to defer Municipality elections for up to six months in one spell beyond the stipulated period specified in the Act, in case of certain unprecedented exigencies.[154] Further, in no case the election can be deferred by more than a year beyond the stipulated date. Maharashtra also enacted a law to postpone the elections to the offices of the Mayor and Deputy Mayor of some Municipal Corporations, on account of the COVID-19 pandemic.7
Reservation for women: Haryana enacted a legislation amending the Haryana Panchayati Raj Act, 1994.[155] The 1994 Act provides for the reservation of one-third of the total number of seats in Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads to women candidates.[156] The 2020 amendment increased it to 50% of the total seats. Telangana Assembly also enacted a legislation enhancing the reservation of the seats to women candidates in Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation from one-third of the total number of seats to 50% of the total number of seats.[157]
Appointment of special or government officers: Under the provisions of existing local body laws in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, special or government officers may be appointed by the state government to perform functions of particular local bodies.[158],[159] Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, certain election procedures could not be completed for conducting elections of certain local bodies. Tamil Nadu extended the tenure of the already appointed Special Officers of certain local bodies by six months (up to December 31, 2020) or until the first meeting of the council is held after the ordinary elections to these local bodies, whichever is earlier.[160],[161] This has been extended further for another six months (up to June 30, 2021).[162] Maharashtra’s law allowed the state government to appoint officers or extend the period of any already appointed officer for such period as requested by the State Election Commission.[163]
State Election Commissioner: In April 2020, Andhra Pradesh promulgated an Ordinance amending the state’s Panchayat Raj Act for changing the qualification, tenure, and conditions of service of the State Election Commissioner (SEC).[164] The Ordinance changed the qualification of the SEC from a person holding the office of at least Principal Secretary to the government, to that of a Judge of the High Court. It decreased the tenure of the SEC from five years to three years. Further, it stated that any person appointed as SEC before the date of the Ordinance would cease to hold that office from the date of the Ordinance. The Andhra Pradesh High Court struck down the Ordinance in May 2020.[165] See the PRS Legislative Brief for an analysis of the Ordinance.[166]
Municipal Governance: Karnataka Legislature enacted a new law for the municipal governance of Bengaluru.4 The Act provides for a four-tier system of local administration, consisting of the BBMP Corporation, zonal committees, ward committees, and area sabhas. See the PRS Legislative Brief for an analysis of the Bill.[167]
Miscellaneous: Haryana Assembly passed a law to provide for the recall of an elected Sarpanch, and members of Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad.[168] It states that the process can be initiated against anyone who has completed at least one year in the office, if a majority of the total voters in the electorate pass a resolution for a recall election. Sikkim has enacted laws barring any person contesting the election of any Panchayat and Municipality from taking the support of any political party, either directly or indirectly.[169],[170]
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management
Every state has its own Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) law. These laws limit the outstanding liabilities, revenue deficit, and fiscal deficit of the state governments. They limit the fiscal deficit to 3% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). This can be further increased to 3.5% of GSDP if states meet certain requirements. Fiscal deficit is the difference between receipts and expenditure of the government, which it meets through borrowings.
Given the shortage of financial resources with states due to COVID-19, the central government allowed states to borrow up to 5% of GSDP in the financial year 2020-21 under certain conditions. See the PRS State of State Finances Report 2020-21 for more information on state finances.[171] Further, state governments were allowed additional borrowing in 2019-20 as there was a decrease in the devolution of taxes from the central government. States such as Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Jharkhand, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh amended their respective FRBM acts in this regard.[172],[173],[174],[175],[176],[177]
Further, Telangana increased the limit of annual incremental guarantees (of borrowings of state public sector enterprises) in a financial year from 90% of the total revenue receipts of the previous year to 200%.175
Salaries and Allowances
Across most states, state legislators decide their salaries and allowances by passing a law in their respective state legislatures. In states like Bihar, the state legislature has passed an Act empowering the state government to set and revise legislator emoluments.[178] State legislatures frequently amend laws to increase the emoluments of their legislators. In 2020, several states decided to reduce the salaries and allowances of their respective MLAs, MLCs, Ministers, Speakers, and Whips. This was done in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, to provide state governments with additional funds for relief measures. All these amendments were made for a period of one year and were effective from April 1, 2020.
While the states of Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Uttar Pradesh decided to reduce the emoluments by 30%, the Bihar government amended the Rules (that provide for salaries and allowances) to reduce salaries by 15%.[179],[180],[181],[182],[183],[184] Several other states such as Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Telangana issued orders deferring the salaries of their MLAs, MLCs, and Ministers.[185],[186],[187] For an analysis of these laws and orders, please see the PRS Legislative Brief.[188]
Further, Telangana enacted a law that allows the state government to defer any payment to any person or institution, in the event of a public health emergency or disaster.[189] This includes payment of salary, allowances, pension, or remuneration to government employees or pensioners, including contractual employees. The deferred amount should not be more than half of the total amount due.
Public Institutions
A few states passed laws establishing public institutions funded and managed by the government. Andhra Pradesh enacted a law giving statutory status to the Andhra Pradesh State Development Corporation (APSDC).[190] The core objective of APSDC is to plan, fund, and finance socio-economic development projects in the state, in alignment with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The socio-economic development projects include the provision of basic amenities such as housing for the poor, quality education, and clean water and sanitation.
Punjab established the Punjab Prisons Development Board for strengthening of prisons and correctional administration across the state.[191] The mandate of the Board includes enhancing the living conditions of the prisoners in the jails and ensuring the welfare of employees of the prisons department.
Haryana established its Water Resources (Conservation, Regulation and Management) Authority for conservation and regulation of groundwater and surface water within the state.[192] With the prior approval of the state government, the Authority may issue directions for optimal use of water for domestic, irrigation or industrial use, water conservation and groundwater recharge including rainwater harvesting, and restrictions on the utilisation of groundwater.
Rajasthan enacted the Rajasthan Jan-Aadhaar Authority Act, 2020.[193] It provides for the: (i) constitution of the Rajasthan Jan-Aadhaar Authority and (ii) targeted delivery of public welfare benefits and services to the residents of the state. Every family in the state will be assigned a unique number (Jan-Aadhaar), which will be used as an identifier for all welfare benefits provided by the state government such as subsidy, or relief in cash or kind. The Act is modelled on the central Aadhaar Act, but identifies a family (not an individual).
Punjab established the Punjab State Vigilance Commission to inquire into alleged corruption offences of public servants.[194] The Commission will exercise superintendence and control over the functioning of Vigilance and Police establishments, in regards to the investigation of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
APPENDIX 1: LIST OF ACTS OF STATES IN 2020
The List includes state laws that were available on state assembly websites and state gazettes.
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Delhi
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Meghalaya
Odisha
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
APPENDIX 2: LIST OF BILLS PASSED BY STATES IN 2020
The List includes state Bills (that were not enacted in 2020) available on state assembly websites and state gazettes.
Andhra Pradesh
Chhattisgarh
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Odisha
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
APPENDIX 3: LIST OF ORDINANCES ISSUED BY STATES IN 2020
The List includes state Ordinances (not replaced by Bills/Acts in 2020) available on state assembly websites and state gazettes.
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jharkhand
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Odisha
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
[1]Andhra Pradesh Legislature Becomes First State Assembly to Begin Budget Session under Covid-19 Shadow, News 18, June 16, 2020, https://www.news18.com/news/india/andhra-pradesh-legislature-becomes-first-state-assembly-to-begin-budget-session-under-covid-19-shadow-2672109.html.
[2]Kalaivanar Arangam had hosted Assembly sessions for four years, DT Next, Daily Thanthi, September 12, 2020, https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/09/12042343/1250583/Kalaivanar-Arangam-had-hosted-Assembly-sessions-for-.vpf.
[3]In a first, Puducherry Assembly holds proceedings under a tree after MLA tests Covid-19 positive, Deccan Herald, July 26, 2020, https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/in-a-first-puducherry-assembly-holds-proceedings-under-a-tree-after-mla-tests-covid-19-positive-865737.html.
[4]The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/karnataka/2020/Act%2053%20of%202020%20Karnataka.pdf.
[5]The Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/maharashtra/2020/Mah.%20L.A.%20Bill%20no.%2051%20of%202020%20English%20Shakti%20Criminal%20Laws%20(Maharashtra%20Amendment)%20Bill,%202020.pdf.
[6]The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1897-03.pdf.
[7]The Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Temporary Postponement of Elections (of the Mayors and Deputy Mayors of certain Municipal Corporations due to spread of pandemic Corona Covid Virus in the State) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/maharashtra/2020/MH%208%20of%202020.pdf.
[8]The Kerala Municipality (Third Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/kerala/2020/ordinance%2077%20of%202020.pdf.
[9]The Kerala Panchayat Raj (Third Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/kerala/2020/ordinance%2078%20of%202020.pdf.
[10]The State of Persons Studied in Tamil Medium (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2010/2010Tamil%20Nadu40.pdf.
[11]The Kerala Right to Burial of Corpse in Christian (Malankara-Orthodox-Jacobite) Cemeteries Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/kerala/2020/Act%201%20of%202020%20Kerala.pdf.
[12]The Goa Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 2007, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2007/2007GOA11.pdf.
[13]The Gujarat Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1963, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1964/1964GJ20.pdf.
[14]The Madhya Pradesh Krishi Upaj Mandi Adhiniyam, 1972, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/madhya-pradesh/1973/1973MP24.pdf.
[15]The Tamil Nadu Agricultural Produce Marketing Regulation Act, 1987, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1989/1989Tamil%20Nadu27.pdf.
[16]The Uttar Pradesh Krishi Utpadan Mandi Adhiniyam, 1964, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1964/1964UP25.pdf.
[17]The Chhattisgarh Krishi Upaj Mandi Adhiniyam, 1972, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/chhattisgarh/2020/1973Chhattigarh24.pdf.
[18]The Model Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2017, http://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/APLM_ACT_2017_0.pdf.
[19]The Assam Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/assam/2020/Ordinance%205%20of%202020%20Assam.pdf.
[20]The Goa Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2007/2007GOA11.pdf.
[21]The Gujarat Agricultural Produce Markets (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1964/1964GJ20.pdf.
[22]The Haryana Agricultural Produce Markets (Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/1961/1961HR23.pdf.
[23]The Himachal Pradesh Agricultural Produce Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-himachal-pradesh-agricultural-produce-marketing-promotion-and-facilitation-ordinance-2020.
[24]The Meghalaya State Agricultural Produce and Livestock Marketing (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/meghalaya/2020/Act%209%20of%20Meghalaya%202020.pdf.
[25]The Madhya Pradesh Krishi Upaj Mandi (Sanshodhan) Ordinance, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/bills/states/madhya-pradesh-krishi-upaj-mandi-sanshodhan-ordinance-2020.
[26]The Tamil Nadu Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Second Amendment Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1989/1989Tamil%20Nadu27.pdf.
[27]The Uttar Pradesh Krishi Utpadan Mandi (Dwitiya Sanshodhan) Adhiniyam, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1964/1964UP25.pdf.
[28]The Farmers’ Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act, 2020, https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Farmers%27%20Produce%20Trade%20and%20Commerce%20bill%2C%202020.pdf.
[29]The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020, https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Farmers%20%28Empowerment%20and%20protection%29%20bill%2C%202020.pdf.
[30]The Essential Commodities (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://www.prsindia.org/sites/default/files/bill_files/Essential%20Commodities%20%28A%29%20bill%2C%202020.pdf.
[31]Rakesh Vaishnav Vs. Union of India, Supreme Court, Writ Petition (Civil) 1118 of 2020, January 12, 2021, https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2020/21097/21097_2020_31_19_25372_Order_12-Jan-2021.pdf.
[32]Supreme Court-appointed panel submits report on farm laws, The Hindu, March 31, 2021 https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-appointed-panel-on-farm-laws-submits-report/article34206281.ece.
[33]The Essential Commodities (Special Provisions and Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/punjab/2020/Essential%20Commodities%20PB%20amendment.pdf.
[34]The Code of Civil Procedure (Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/punjab/2020/CPC%20bill.pdf.
[35]The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services (Special Provisions and Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/punjab/2020/Agreement%20on%20Price%20Assurance%20PB%20amendment.pdf.
[36]The Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) (Special Provisions and Punjab Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/punjab/2020/Trade%20and%20Commerce%20Punjab.pdf.
[37]The Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) (Rajasthan Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/rajasthan/2020/Essential%20Commodities%20(Special%20Provisions%20&%20RJ%20Amendment)%20Bill%202020.pdf.
[38]The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services (Rajasthan Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/rajasthan/2020/Farmers%20(Empowerment%20&%20Protection)%20Agreement%20on%20Price%20Assurance%20and%20Farm%20Services%20(Rajasthan%20Amendment)%20Bill,%202020.pdf.
[39]The Essential Commodities (Special Provisions and Rajasthan Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/rajasthan/2020/Essential%20Commodities%20(Special%20Provisions%20&%20RJ%20Amendment)%20Bill%202020.pdf.
[40]The Code of Civil Procedure (Rajasthan Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/rajasthan/2020/Code%20of%20Civil%20Procedure%20(RJ%20Amendment)%202020.pdf.
[41]The Chhattisgarh Krishi Upaj Mandi (Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/chhattisgarh/2020/The%20Chhattisgarh%20Krishi%20Upaj%20Mandi%20(Amendment)%20Bill,2020.pdf.
[42]Entry No. 18, State List, Schedule VII, Page 217, Constitution of India, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf.
[43]Entry No. 6, 41, and 42, Concurrent List, Schedule VII, Pages 219 and 221, Constitution of India, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf.
[44]The Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code Act, 2006,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2012/2012UP8.pdf.
[45]The Uttar Pradesh Revenue Code (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2012/2012UP8.pdf.
[46]The Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1962/1962Karnataka10.pdf.
[47]The Karnataka Land Reforms (Second Amendment) Act, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1962/1962Karnataka10.pdf.
[48]The Haryana Consolidation Of Project Land (Special Provisions) Amendment Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/acts_bills/acts_state/files/pdf/haryana/2017/2017HR28.pdf.
[49]The Haryana Consolidation of Project Land (Special Provisions) Act, 2017, https://prsindia.org/acts_bills/acts_state/files/pdf/haryana/2017/2017HR28.pdf.
[50]The Gujarat Land Grabbing (Prohibition) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/2020/Act%2011%20of%202020%20Gujarat1.pdf.
[51]The Karnataka Land Grabbing Prohibition (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/2014/2014KR38.pdf.
[52]The Registration (Gujarat Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/gujarat/2020/Bill%207%20of%202020%20Gujarat.pdf.
[53]The Rajasthan Imposition of Ceiling on Agricultural Holdings (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2020/Act%2020%20of%202020%20Rajasthan.pdf.
[54]The Gujarat Tenancy and Agricultural Lands Laws(Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1948/1948Gujarat47.pdf.
[55]The Bihar Agriculture Land (Conversion for Non-Agriculture Purposes) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2010/2010Bihar11.pdf.
[56]The Telangana Agricultural land (Conversion for non-agricultural purposes) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/2020/Act%2019%20of%202020%20Telangana.pdf.
[57]The Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1963/1963KR11.pdf.
[58]The Karnataka Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1963/1963KR11.pdf.
[59]The Karnataka Land Reforms (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1962/1962Karnataka10.pdf.
[60]The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural Land (Conversion for Non-Agricultural Purposes) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/andhra-pradesh/2006/2006AndhraPradesh3.pdf.
[61]The Tamil Nadu Protected Agricultural Zone Development Act, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2020/Act%2011%20of%202020%20TN.pdf.
[62]The Court-Fees Act, 1870, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1870-07.pdf.
[63]The Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1958, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1958/1958KR16.pdf.
[64]The Tamil Nadu Court–fees and Suits Valuation Act, 1955, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1955/1955Tamil%20Nadu14.pdf.
[65]The Court-Fees (Assam Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/assam/1947/1947Assam18.pdf.
[66]The Karnataka Court Fees and Suits Valuation (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1958/1958KR16.pdf.
[67]The Tamil Nadu Court–fees and Suits Valuation (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1955/1955Tamil%20Nadu14.pdf.
[68]The Telangana Court-Fees And Suits Valuation (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/2020/Act%2017%20of%202020%20Telangana.pdf.
[69]The Court-Fees (Goa Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2020/Act%2014%20of%202020%20Goa.pdf.
[70]The Rajasthan Court Fees and Suits Valuation (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/1961/Act%20No.%2023%20of%201961%20RJ.pdf.
[71]The Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts (Assam Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/assam/1887/1887Assam12.pdf.
[72]The Telangana Civil Courts (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/2019/2019%20Telangana%2010.pdf.
[73]The Gujarat Prevention of Anti-Social Activities (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1985/1985GJ16.pdf.
[74]The Haryana Control of Organised Crime Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/haryana/2020/Bill%20No.%2039%20of%202020%20Haryana.pdf.
[75]Haryana assembly session: Bill to control organised crime passed sans wiretap clause, Hindustan Times, November 7, 2020, https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-session-bill-to-control-organised-crime-passed-sans-wiretap-clause/story-86trjSPPbKIxPSKf02tSgJ.html.
[76]State Legislative Brief on The Shakti Criminal Laws (Maharashtra Amendment) Bill, 2020, March 2, 2021, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/maharashtra/2020/State%20Brief%20MH%20Shakti%20Bill,%202020.pdf.
[77]The Maharashtra Exclusive Special Courts (for certain offences against Women and Children under SHAKTI law) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-maharashtra-exclusive-special-courts-for-certain-offences-against-women-and-children-under-shakti-law-bill-2020.
[78]The Andhra Pradesh Disha (Special Courts for Specified Offences against Women and Children) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/andhra-pradesh/2020/L.A%20Bill%20No.31%20of%202020.pdf.
[79]The Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2020/Act%20No.%2011%20of%202020%20UP.pdf.
[80]State Legislative Brief on The Uttar Pradesh Recovery of Damages to Public and Private Property Ordinance, 2020, August 26, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/andhra-pradesh/2020/UP%20Ordinance%20-%20Legislative%20Brief.pdf.
[81]The Uttar Pradesh Prevention of Cow Slaughter (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2002/2002UP14.pdf.
[82]The Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/uttar-pradesh/2020/UP%20Prohibition%20of%20Unlawful%20Conversion%20of%20Religion%20Ordinance,%202020%20.pdf.
[83]Legislative Summary of the Uttar Pradesh Prohibition of Unlawful Conversion of Religion Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/uttar-pradesh/2020/Summary_UP%20Prohibition%20of%20Unlawful%20Conversion%20of%20Religion%20Ordinance,%202020.pdf.
[84]Anti-Conversion Legislation: Comparison of the UP Ordinances with other state laws, The PRS Blog, December 17, 2020, https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/anti-conversion-legislation-comparison-up-ordinance-other-state-laws.
[85]The Uttar Pradesh Special Security Force Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2020/Act%20No.%2027%20of%202020%20UP.pdf.
[86]Entry No. 26, State List, Schedule VII, Page 217, Constitution of India, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf.
[87]The Himachal Pradesh Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Facilitation of Establishment and Operation) Act, 2019, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/Act%201%20of%202020%20HP.pdf.
[88]The Karnataka Industries (Facilitation) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/2003/2003KR45.pdf.
[89]The Uttar Pradesh Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (Establishment and Simplification) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2020/Act%20No.%2030%20of%202020%20UP.pdf.
[90]The Punjab Right to Business Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%20No.%201%20of%202020%20Punjab.pdf.
[91]The Karnataka Industries (Facilitation) Act, 2002 https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/2003/2003KR45.pdf.
[92]The Rajasthan Enterprises Single Window Enabling and Clearance Act, 2011, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2011/2011Rajasthan7.pdf.
[93]The Rajasthan Enterprises Single Window Enabling and Clearance (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2011/2011Rajasthan7.pdf.
[94]The Rajasthan Enterprises Single Window Enabling and Clearance Rules, 2011,
[95]WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19, World Health Organisation, March 11, 2020, https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
[96]The Disaster Management Act, 2005, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_parliament/2005/the-disaster-management-act-2005.pdf.
[97] The Andhra Pradesh Epidemic Diseases, COVID-19 Regulations 2020, March 5, 2020,
[98]The Chhattisgarh Epidemic Diseases, COVID-19 Regulations 2020, March 13, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/1340.CG_EpidemicRegulations_13032020.pdf.
[99]The Gujarat Epidemic Diseases, COVID-19 Regulations 2020, March 13, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/571.GJ_COVID19_%20Regulations%202020_Mar%2014.pdf.
[100]The Punjab Epidemic Diseases, COVID-19 Regulations 2020, March 5, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/1992.PB_epidemic_regulations_Mar_5.pdf.
[101]The Telangana Epidemic Diseases, COVID-19 Regulations 2020, March 21, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/442.TS_The-Epidemic-Disease-Act-1897_21_Mar.pdf.
[102]The Karnataka Epidemic Diseases Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/karnataka/2020/Karnataka%20Epidemic%20Diseases%20Ordinance%202020.pdf.
[103]The Kerala Epidemic Diseases Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/kerala/2020/Kerala%20Epidemic%20Diseases%20Ordinance%202020.pdf.
[104]The Rajasthan Epidemic Diseases Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/rajasthan/2020/RJ_Epidemic_Diseases_Ordinance_2020.pdf.
[105]The Uttar Pradesh Public Health and Epidemic Diseases Control Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/bills/states/the-uttar-pradesh-public-health-and-epidemic-diseases-control-ordinance-2020.
[106]Entry No. 22 & 24, Concurrent List, Schedule VII, Page 220, Constitution of India, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI.pdf.
[107]The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/THEINDUSTRIALDISPUTES_ACT1947_0.pdf.
[108]The Industrial Disputes (Bihar Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2019/2019Bihar17.pdf.
[109]The Industrial Disputes (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/Bill%20no.%2005%20of%202020%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf.
[110]The Industrial Disputes (Goa Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2020/Act%2019%20of%202020%20Goa.pdf.
[111]The Industrial Disputes and Certain other laws (Karnataka Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/karnataka/2020/KA_Industrial_Disputes_Other_Laws_Amendment_Ordinance_2020.pdf.
[112]The Industrial Disputes (Gujarat Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/gujarat/2020/Bill%2016%20of%202020%20Gujarat.pdf.
[113]The Industrial Disputes (Odisha Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/odisha/2020/Ordinance%208%20of%202020%20OD.pdf.
[114]The Industrial Disputes (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%2014%20of%202020.pdf.
[115]The Industrial Disputes (Assam Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/assam/2020/Ordinance%208%20of%202020%20Assam.pdf.
[116] The Factories Act, 1948, https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/Factories_Act_1948.pdf.
[117]The Factories (Bihar Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2020/Act%2016%20of%202020%20Bihar.pdf.
[118]The Factories (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/Bill%20no.%2007%20of%202020%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf.
[119]The Factories (Goa Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2020/Act%2020%20of%202020%20Goa.pdf.
[120]The Factories (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%2019%20of%202020.pdf.
[121]The Factories (Gujarat Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/gujarat/2020/Bill%2017%20of%202020%20Gujarat.pdf.
[122]The Factories (Odisha Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/odisha/2020/Ordinance%2014%20of%202020%20OD.pdf.
[123]The Assam Factories (Assam Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/assam/2020/Ordinance%204%20of%202020%20Assam.pdf.
[124]The Labour Laws (Madhya Pradesh Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/madhya-pradesh/2020/The%20Madhya%20Pradesh%20Labour%20Laws%20(Amendment)%20Ordinance,%202020.PDF.
[125]The Factories (Assam Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/assam/2020/Ordinance%207%20of%202020%20Assam.pdf.
[126]GLR.170/2019/Pt./4, Labour Welfare Department, Government of Assam, May 8, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/5739.AS_workers_12_hours_may_8.pdf.
[127]GHR/2020/56/FAC/142020/346/M3, Labour and Employment Department, Government of Gujarat, April 17, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/3373.GJ_Lockdown_Relaxations_Factories_Apr%2017.pdf.
[128]2/17/2020-2Lab, Labour Department, Government of Haryana, April 29, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/5154.HR_working_hours_apr_29.pdf
[129]LL2-FE-0003-20202716/LESI, Labour and ESI Department, Government of Odisha, May 8, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/6430.OD_relaxations_factories_12_hours_may_8.pdf.
[130]State Legislative Brief on Ordinances and Notifications providing relaxation of labour laws, June 18, 2020, https://prsindia.org/acts_bills/bills_state/LAWS%20OF%20INDIA/Gujarat/2020/Bills/State%20Brief%20-%20Relaxation%20of%20Labour%20Laws.pdf.
[131]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970, https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1970-37_0.pdf.
[132]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Assam Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/assam/2020/Ordinance%203%20of%202020%20Assam.pdf.
[133]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Bihar Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/bihar/2020/Act%2017%20of%202020%20Bihar.pdf.
[134]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Goa Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/goa/2020/Act%2018%20of%202020%20Goa.pdf.
[135]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Punjab Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%2013%20of%202020.pdf.
[136]The Labour Laws (Madhya Pradesh Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/madhya-pradesh/2020/The%20Madhya%20Pradesh%20Labour%20Laws%20(Amendment)%20Ordinance,%202020.PDF.
[137]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Gujarat Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/gujarat/2020/Bill%2018%20of%202020%20Gujarat.pdf.
[138]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Himachal Pradesh Amendment) Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/Bill%20no.%2006%20of%202020%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf.
[139]The Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) (Odisha Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/odisha/2020/Ordinance%2013%20of%202020%20OD.pdf.
[140]“Suggested Labour Policy Reforms”, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, 2014, http://ficci.in/SEDocument/20301/FICCI-NOTE-ON-LABOUR-POLICY-REFORMS.pdf.
[141]The Karnataka Shops and Commercial Establishments (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1962/1962KR8.pdf.
[142]The Karnataka Shops and Commercial Establishments Act, 1961, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1962/1962KR8.pdf.
[143]The Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/haryana/2020/Bill%20No.%2033%20of%202020%20Haryana.pdf.
[144]State Legislative Brief on Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Bill, 2020,
[145]The Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/2021/Haryana%20Act%203%20of%202021.pdf.
[146]The Meghalaya Identification, Registration (Safety & Security) of Migrant Workers Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/meghalaya/2020/2020MG14.pdf.
[147]The Constitution (Seventy-Third Amendment) Act, 1992, Department of Law and Justice, 1992, https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-third-amendment-act-1992.
[148]The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992, Department of Law and Justice, 1992, http://legislative.gov.in/constitution-seventy-fourth-amendment-act-1992.
[149]The Madhya Pradesh Nagarpalik Vidhi (Tritiya Sanshodhan) Adhyadesh, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/madhya-pradesh/2020/MP%2013%20of%202020.pdf.
[150]The Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2020/2020TN5.pdf.
[151]The Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial Townships (Second Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/maharashtra/2006/2006MH31.pdf.
[152]The Maharashtra Village Panchayats(Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/maharashtra/1959/1959MH3.pdf.
[153]The Karnataka Gram Swaraj and Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/2020/Act%2049%20of%202020%20Karnataka.pdf.
[154]The Sikkim Municipalities (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/sikkim/2007/2007SK5.pdf.
[155]The Haryana Panchayati Raj (Second Amendment) Act, 2020,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/1994/1994Haryana11.pdf.
[156]The Haryana Panchayati Raj Act, 1994,
https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/1994/1994Haryana11.pdf.
[157]The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/1956/1956%20Telangana%202.pdf.
[158]The Tamil Nadu Panchayat Raj Act, 1994, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1994/1994Tamilnadu21.pdf.
[159]The Maharashtra Municipal Corporations Act, 1949, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/maharashtra/1949/1949MH59.pdf.
[160]The Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Third Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/1994/1994Tamilnadu21.pdf.
[161]The Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Third Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2020/Act%2020%20of%202020%20TN.pdf.
[162]The Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Fourth Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/tamil-nadu/2020/Ordinance%2013%20of%202020%20TN.pdf.
[163]The Maharashtra Municipal Corporations and the Maharashtra Municipal Councils, Nagar Panchayats and Industrial
Townships (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/maharashtra/2020/MH%20Ordinance%2019%20of%202020.pdf.
[164]The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/andhrapradesh/2020/AP%20SEC%20Ordinance.pdf.
[165]Dr. N. Ramesh Kumar vs. The State of Andhra Pradesh & Ors, Writ Petition No. 8163 of 2020, High Court of Andhra Pradesh, May 29, 2020, https://hc.ap.nic.in/docs/wp_8163_2020.pdf.
[166]State Legislative Brief on The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj (Second Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, June 9, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/andhra-pradesh/2020/AP%20SEC%20Brief%20-%20For%20upload%20v31.pdf.
[167]State Legislative Brief on The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Bill, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/karnataka/2020/State%20Brief%20-%20BBMP%20Bill,%202020.pdf.
[168]The Haryana Panchayati Raj (Second Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/1994/1994Haryana11.pdf.
[169]The Sikkim Panchayat (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/sikkim/1993/1993SK6.pdf.
[170]The Sikkim Municipalities (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/sikkim/2007/2007SK5.pdf.
[171]State of State Finances, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/policy/policy_analytical_reports/State%20Finances_2020-21.pdf.
[172]The Andhra Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Managment (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/andhra-pradesh/2010/2010%20Andhra%20Pradesh%207.pdf.
[173]The Assam Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/assam/2005/2005%20Assam%2027.pdf.
[174]The Jharkhand Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/jharkhand/2007/2007Jharkhand7.pdf.
[175]The Telangana Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/2020/Act%2016%20of%202020%20Telangana.pdf.
[176]The Uttar Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2004/2004UP5.pdf.
[177]The Uttar Pradesh Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (Second Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/2004/2004UP5.pdf.
[178]Bihar Legislature (Members Salary, Allowance and Pension) Act, 2006, http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_salary_acts.pdf.
[179]Gujarat Salaries and Allowances of Members, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, Ministers and Leader of the Opposition Laws (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1960/1960%20Gujarat%203.pdf; Salaries and Allowances to the Member of the Legislative Assembly, http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/mlafacility.htm; Gujarat Salaries and Allowances of Members, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, Ministers and Leader of the Opposition Laws (Amendment) Act, 2018, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/gujarat/1992/1992Gujarat6.pdf.
[180]Himachal Pradesh Regulation of Salaries and Allowances of different categories in Certain Exigencies Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/Act%20No.%2011%20of%202020%20HP.pdf; Salary and Allowances of Speaker, Deputy Speaker and Members Himachal Pradesh, https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Home/FormFilePdf?filepathName=http%3A%2F%2F10.25.128.163%2FFileStructure%2FAssemblyFiles%2F12%2F19.pdf&Filename=%2FAssemblyFiles%2F12%2F19.pdf; Salaries and Allowances of Ministers (Himachal Pradesh) Act, 2000, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/himachal-pradesh/2000/2000HP11.pdf; Salaries, Allowances and Other Benefits of the Chief Whip and the Deputy Chief Whip in the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh Act, 2018, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/himachal-pradesh/2020/2018HP3.pdf.
[181]Karnataka Legislature Salaries, Pensions and Allowances and certain other law (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1957/1957KR2.pdf ; Facilities to Members of Karnataka Legislature, http://www.kla.kar.nic.in/council/FTMANDEXM.PDF; Karnataka Legislature Salaries, Pensions and Allowances Act, 1956, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1957/1957KR2.pdf ; Karnataka Ministers Salaries and Allowances Act, 1956 https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/karnataka/1957/1957KR5.pdf.
[182]The Payment of Salaries and Allowances (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/kerala/2020/The Payment of Salaries and Allowances (Amendment) Ordinance, 2020.pdf; Kerala Payment of Salaries and Allowances Act, 1951, http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/The%20kerala%20Payment%20of%20Salaries%20and%20Allowances%20-Act.pdf; Revised rates of Dearness Allowance for state government employees, April 2019, http://www.finance.kerala.gov.in/includeWeb/fileViewer.jsp?dId=b8yh2sf4uc7xc7xf.
[183]Uttar Pradesh State Legislature (Members Emoluments and Pension) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1980/1980UP23.pdf; Uttar Pradesh Ministers (Salaries, Allowances and Miscellaneous Provisions) (Amendment) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1981/1981UP14.pdf; Uttar Pradesh State Legislature (Members Emoluments and Pension) Act, 1980, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1980/1980UP23.pdf; Uttar Pradesh State Legislature (Members' Emoluments and Pension) (Amendment) Act, 2016, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1980/1980UP23.pdf; Uttar Pradesh Ministers (Salaries, Allowances and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1981, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/uttar-pradesh/1981/1981UP14.pdf.
[184]Bihar State Legislature (Members’ Salaries, Emoluments and Pension) (Amendment) Rules, 2020, April 17, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/BR_MLA_Salaries_Amendment_Rules_Apr_17.pdf.
[185]Order no. 27, Certain austerity measures due to economic slowdown, Finance Department of Telangana, March 30, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/1682.TS_salaries_deferment_MAr_30.PDF.
[186]Order no. 26, Deferment of payment of salaries, Finance Department of Andhra Pradesh, March 31, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/1330.AP_deferrement_salaries_mar_31.PDF.
[187]Order no. 13686/F, Deferment of salary in view of economic impact of COVID-19, Finance Department of Odisha, March 31, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/covid19/notifications/1147.OD_Deferment_salary_Mar_31.pdf.
[188]State Legislative Brief on Ordinances and Rules amending salaries and allowances of MLAs, June 17, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_states/kerala/2020/State%20Brief%20on%20Ordinances%20and%20Rules%20changing%20MLA%20salaries.pdf.
[189]The Telangana Disaster And Public Health Emergency (Special Provisions) Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/telangana/2020/Act%2014%20of%202020%20Telangana.pdf.
[190]The Andhra Pradesh State Development Corporation Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/andhra-pradesh/2020/Act%2033%20of%202020%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf.
[191]The Punjab Prisons Development Board Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%20No.%2010%20of%202020%20Punjab.pdf.
[192]The Haryana Water Resources (Conservation, Regulation and Management) Authority Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/haryana/2020/Act%20No.%2029%20of%202020%20Haryana.pdf.
[193]The Rajasthan Jan-Aadhaar Authority Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/rajasthan/2020/Act%20No.%203%20of%202020%20RJ.pdf.
[194]The Punjab State Vigilance Commission Act, 2020, https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/punjab/2020/Act%2020%20of%202020.pdf.
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